Amateka
Italiki ya 1 Ukwakira, 1990 mu mateka y' u Rwanda.
Zimwe mu nshingano za Fondasiyo “Umurage Nyarwanda” ni ukwibukiranya mu buryo butabogamye amwe mu mateka y’igenzi yaranze u Rwanda tubinyujije mu bushakashatsi bwaba bushingiye mu byanditswe cyangwase mu byavuzwe.
Akamaro k’amateka rero nkashingira ku cyo umwanditsi Israel Abrahams mu gitabo yise “The Birth of a Community” cyanditswe mu 1955, aho agira ati:
“The recording of history is of necessity an ending task. The reason is not only that the march of events proceeds inexorably, and that the historian, always a sedate laggard, is invariably well behind the “latest news”; the truth is that the existing chronicles of the past require persistent revision in order to be brought up to date. For one thing no historian is, or can be, completely exhaustive; new sources of information, new facts, are constantly being discovered, which shed fresh light on the story of bygone generations, and call for a redrawing – often to a radical extent – of the accepted picture of earlier times. Students of history are familiar with the seeming paradox that our knowledge of ancient epochs grows with the passage of time. The past is never wholly dead; it continues ceaselessly to whisper its secrets to newborn ages, telling the epigoni of their unremembered ancestors, bringing to life long-forgotten memories”. Ngenekereje mu Kinyarwanda navuga ngo kwandika amateka ni akazi k’ingirakamaro kandi gahoraho. Impamvu si uko hari ibintu bigomba kuba ntakabuza, kandiko umunyamateka ari umushishozi wa buri gihe uhora ari inyuma y’amakuru mashyashya; mu by’ukuri ubumenyi bw’amateka busaba isubiramo rihoraho kugirango ubwo bumenyi bugendane n’ibihe tugezemo. Icy’ibanze ni uko nta munyamateka uzi cyangwa ushobora kumenya byose, amakuru mashya, ibimenyetso bishya bihora bicukumburwa byongera ubumenyi ku mibereho y’abakurambere ariko kandi bigasaba isesengura byaba ngombwa ku buryo bwimbitse mu kugerageza kwerekana ishusho ku buryo bwemewe ry’ibihe bya kare. Abanyeshuli biga amateka bazi neza (icyo nakwita) ivuguruzanya ko ubumenyi bwacu ku bihe bya kare bwiyongera bujyanye n’itambuka ry’ibihe. Igihe cyahise ntigishobora kwibagirana burundu, gikomeza ubudahwema kwongorera amabanga yacyo ku bantu bavuka ubu, kibwira abazavuka nyuma ibyibagiranye cyera by’ abakurambere bityo kikagarurira ubuzima ibya kera byari byaribagiranye”.[1]
Ni muri urwo rwego rero ngirango mbibutse cyangwa mbamenyeshe ibyo italiki ya 1 Ukwakira, 1990 itwibutsa mu mateka y’uRwanda.
Italiki ya mbere y’ukwezi kwa cumi 1990 abenshi twari bakuru ariko kandi muri twe harimo n’abatari bakavuka cyangwa se bari bakiri bato kuburyo iyo taliki bazajya bayisoma mu bitabo cyangwa bakayibwirwa natwe twari turiho.
Icyo gihe rero habayeho igitero cy’abantu bitwaje intwaro baturutse i Bugande n’uko batera ingabo z’uRwanda zari zirinze umupaka wa Kagitumba.
Aba bantu bateye uRwanda babanje kwitwa ko ari Abagande bateye u Rwanda ariko nyuma biza kumenyekana ko bari Abanyarwanda bari barahunze Urwanda nyuma y’amahindura ya 1959 igihe Urwanda rwigobotoraga ingoma ya Cyami, ni uko bamwe mu Banyarwanda bari bagizwe cyane cyane n’Abatutsi bahitamo guhungira mu bihugu bikikije u Rwanda. Aho ishyanga babaga bibumbiye mucyo bise INYENZI (Ingangurarugo Ziyemeje kuba Ingenzi) zagerageje gutera u Rwanda muri za mirongo itandatu zikoresheje udutero shuma ariko ingabo z’igihugu z’icyo gihe zirazinesha.
Nyuma rero baje kwisuganya haba mu rwego rwa politiki haba no mu rwego rwa gisilikari.
Nkuko tubisoma kuri website ya Leta y’Urwanda www.gov.rwa/history, no mugitabo cyiswe Africa today, “In 1979, Rwandan refugees in exile formed a political platform, the Rwandese Alliance for National Unity (RANU), which became the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) in 1987. Bivuga ngo mu 1979 Impunzi z’Abanyarwanda mu buhungiro zashinze umutwe wa politike zise Rwandese Alliance for National Unity (RANU mu magambo ahinnye), waje kubyara Rwandese Patriotic Front Inkotanyi muri 1987.[2]
Umubare w’abo bantu rero babaga hanze ntiworoshye kumenyekana kuko hari abagarukaga mu Rwanda rwihishwa hakaba n’abandi basangaga bene wabo hanze y’igihugu ariko rero dore imibare umuryango wita ku mpunzi kw’isi (HCR, UNHCR) itubwira n’inkambi babagamo muri myaka ya za 1970 nk’uko bitangazwa n’uwari umukuri wayo Sedruddin Aga Khan muri icyo gihe mu gitabo cyiswe “Refugees South of the Sahara, An African dilemma”
Mu Burundi
i Muramba, Kayongozi na Kigamba, inkambi zashinzwe muri 1962, bari ibihumbi 19.
I Mugera yashinzwe muri 1965 bari ibihumbi 27,300.
Abandi bagera ku bihumbi 7,700 biberaga hanze y’inkambi.
Muri Zaire
I Bibwe hari ibihumbi 4,700
Ihula hari 1800
I Kalonge hari amagana 800.
Muri Tanzania
Inkambi ya Muyenzi hari ibihumbi 6500
I Karagwe hari ibihumbi 2300
I Mwesi hari ibihumbi 3100.
Muri Uganda
i Nakivali hari ibihumbi 7000
Oruchinga Valley hari ibihumbi 11000
I Kahunge hari ibihumbi 8000
Ibuga hari abantu 100 gusa
I Rwamawanje hari ibihumbi 2500
I Kyaka ibihumbi 2200
I Kinyara: ibihumbi 3000.[3]
Bamwe mu banditsi b’ibitabo ku mateka y’izo mpunzi bakeka ko umubare wabo wakabakabaga ibihumbi Magana atanu muri za 1990 kandi ko bishoboka ko bari bagize umubare munini w;impunzi muri Afurika. Nk’uko bitangazwa n’umwanditsi Martin Meredith mu gitabo yise The State of Africa, a History of Fifty years of Independence, “ibihumbi n’ibihumbi muri bo ntibibukaga neza Urwanda, mu gihe ibindi bihumbi byavukiye mu makambi batari baregeze barukandagizamo ikirenge.”[4]
Nk’uko kandi tubisoma mu gitabo cyitwa ngo “Escape from Violence: Conflict and the refugee crisis in the developing world” dore amwe mu mateka y’abo Banyarwanda mu gihugu cya Uganda aho bateye baturuka.
Mu Bugande hari hatuye Abahutu n’abatutsi bakomoka mu Rwanda batari abahungiyeyo muri za 1960 gusa ahubwo hari hafi miliyoni bari barasuhukiyeyo cyane cyane mu ntara ya Buganda, aho bakabakabaga 40% by’abaturage b’iyo ntara.[5]
Mu gihe cya indepandansi y’u Buganda (taliki ya 9 Ukwakira 1962) nabo bahindutse Abaganda. Nk’uko abenshi bari abagatolika muri 1960 bashyigikiye ishyaka Democratic Party (DP) cyimwe n’Abaganda. Kuba rero I Bugande hari hasanzwe hatuye Abagande bakomoka mu Rwanda byorohereje impunzi kuhaba. Ubutegetsi bwaje gufatwa na Uganda’s People’s Party (UPC) iyobowe na Milton Obote wahise aba Executive Prime Minister. Ariko nyine kuri Obote, kuba Abanyarwanda barinjiye ku bwinshi byamuteye impungenge ku mpamvu za politike. Yabohereje kuba mu makambi agera n’aho muri 1969 ashaka kubuza Abagande bakomoka mu Rwanda kwinjira mu bikorwa bya politike avuga ko batari Abagande nyakuri.
Aho Idi Amin akoreye coup d’Etat Abanyarwanda rero bahise bamushyigikira. Nawe yahise abemerera kuva mu makambi bakajya gutura aho ariho hose babonye ubutaka. Baje no kwinjizwa mu gipolisi cye cy’ ibanga anabashishikariza kwihimura kubabagendagaho. Aho zihinduriye imirishyo, Obote akagaruka ku butegetsi nyuma y’uko Tanzaniya itereye Ubuganda ikirukana Amin birumvikana ko Abanyarwanda bongeye guhutazwa. Muri 1985, Obote yaje gukorerwa coup d’Etat na general Tito Okelo wategetse gusa amezi atandatu kuko atashoboye kumvikana na Museveni we wahisemo inzira y’ishyamba. Abanyarwanda rero bari barafashwe nabi sibo babonye mwene wabo Museveni atangiza inyeshyamba ndetse agafata ubutegetsi muri 1986.[6]
Mbere gato y’uko zihindura imirishyo mu Bugande, mu ntangiriro za 1982, guvernoma ya Obote yasabye ko Abanyarwanda bose basubira mu makambi. “Mu ntangiriro z’ Ukwakira Abashefu n’amagrupe y’urubyiruko bashushubirizaga Abanyarwanda gusubira mu makambi cyangwa kuva mu Buganda. “Amazu y’abagendaga yarasahurwaga akanatwikwa”[7]
Mu mpera z’Ukwakira 1982 Abagera ku bihumbi 30 bari basubijwe mu makambi mu Bugande, abagera ku bihumbi mirongo 40 cyangwa mirongo 50 binjiye mu Rwanda bashoreye inka zigera ku bihumbi 25, mu gihe abandi ibihumbi bigera kuri 4 bari bakambitse hafi y’umupaka, abandi benshi berekeje iya Tanzaniya.[8]
Ako kaduruvayo katangiye kugira ingaruka ku Rwanda kuko kuva 1982 urujya n’uruza rw’impunzi zagarukaga mu Rwanda byateje ubwumvikane buke hagati y’Urwanda n’ubugande. “Mu Kwakira 1982 Urwanda rwafunze umupaka warwo n’Ubugande nyuma yo kwakira ibihumbi mirongo 45 biziye rimwe”.[9]
Mu gihe nyine Museveni yiyomoroye kuri Obote agahitamo gushing umutwe w’inyeshayamba, Abanyarwanda baramuyobotse baramufasha bihagije. Nk’uko byanditswe na Franck K. Rusagara, umwe mu Banyarwanda bateye u Rwanda muri 1990 akaba n’ umunyamateka mu gisilikare cy’uRwanda (rw’ubu) aho agira ati: “mu mpera z’urugamba rwa Museveni muri 1986 urugamba rwakuyeho Obote, hafi icyakane (ni ukuvuga ibihumbi 3000) by’abasiliklari ba NRA bageraga ku bihumbi 14 byari Abanyarwanda”[10].
Nyuma rero yo gufasha Museveni, akazi kabo mu byukuri niho kari gatangiye. Icyari kibashishikaje kwari ugutaha iwabo mu gihugu cya ba se na ba sekuru. Meredith ati “Mu kabwibwi ko ku ya 30 Nzeli 1990, hafi ibihumbi 4 by’abatutsi batorotse igisilikari cya Uganda, batwara intwaro n’ibikoresho.”[11] Icyo gitero ku Rwanda cyari kiyobowe Maj. Gen Fred Rwigyema, wahoze ari uwungirije Ministri w’ingabo muri guvernoma ya Uganda.[12]
Nkuko twese ariko tubizi ntabwo iki gikorwa cyari ugutoroka igisilikari cya Uganda ahubwo yari gahunda ndende yo kugarura ubutegetsi bwari bwarasezerewe na rubanda nyamwinshi muri Revolisiyo ya Rubanda ya 1959 nk’uko n’Inyenzi zari zarabigerageje.
Urugamba rero rwararwanywe karahava rwaba urwa politike, urw’ itangazamakuru, n’imirwano y’imbunda ku rugamba. Nyuma y’amezi mirongo 42 rugihanganye Habyarimana Yuvenal wari Perezida w’u Rwanda kuva taliki ya 5 Nyakanga 1973 aba arivuganywe igihe indege yari imutwaye avuye mu mishyikirano n’inkotanyi yahanurwaga mw’ijoro ryo ku ya 6 Mata, 1994. Hakurikiyeho imvururu mu gihugu cyose. Inkotanyi zubuye imirwano, Abatutsi n’igisa na bo barishwe mu gikorwa cyaje kwitwa itsembatsemba cyangwa itsembabwoko cyangwa genocide cyangwa genocide yakorewe abatutsi. Nyuma y’amezi atatu abasilikare b’inkotanyi bafashe Kigali ku italiki ya 4 Nyakanga nkuko ikinyamakuru Independent Newspaper cyabitangaje bukeye bwaho mu buryo bukurikira:
"Ababibonye bemezako ingabo z’umutwe w’inyeshyamba w’ Inkotanyi binjiye mu mugi wa Kigali rwagati mu rukerera nyuma y’imirwano y’amabombe n’ibikoresho n’iozindi mbunda zikaze Amajana y’abasilikari bacitse integer ba Leta bahunga Inkotanyi bashwekuye berekeza mu misozi ikikijwe n'ikibunda, bahunga bagana iy’amajyepfo ahari inzira imwe ishoboka itaragafatwa n’ Inkotanyi".[13]
Muri icyo kinyamakuru kandi, umunyamakuru Julian Bedford yabajije Colonel Franck Mugambage wari uyoboye urugamba muri Kigali icyo atekereza ku gufata umugi wa Kigali, yamusubije agira ati: “ mfite ibyishimo, kuva igihe kirekire nari mfite indoto zo gutembera mu mihanda ya Kigali".[14]
Nyuma y’ibyumweru bibiri gusa, ku italiki ya 19 Nyakanga 1994, RPF Inkotanyi zashyizeho guvernoma iyobowe na Faustin twagiramungu ari Ministre w’intebe, Pasteur Bizimungu nka perezida na General Major Paul Kagame nka visi president na minister w’ingabo.
Urugamba rero rwatangiye nyakuri ku italiki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 kugeza muri Nyakanga 1994 aho ingabo za FPR zatsindaga urugamba bigatuma abantu benshi cyane bahunga igihugu ari nabyo byaviriyemo abenshi kuguma ishyanga.
Harakabaho Abanyarwarwa bunze ubumwe, harakabaho u Rwanda rutagendera ku moko yo ntandaro y’ibibazo byateye ubuhunzi kuva mu 1959 kugeza ubu.
Pancras M. Malani
BA Hons Hist (UCT)
[1] Israel Abrahams (Chief Rabbi of the United Council of Orthodox Hebrew Congegations, Cape Town) “The Birth of a Community”, Cape Town Hebrewe Congregation, 1955.
[2] Http: //www.gov.rwa/History, accesses on 25 June 2013; Africa today, 1996, p. 1236.
[3] Sedruddin Aga Khan in Hugh C. Brooks and Yassin El-Ayouty (eds.) Refugees South of the Sahara, An African dilemma (Westport : Negro University Press, 1970)P. 281.
[4] Martin Meredith, The State of Africa, a History of Fifty years of Independence, Free Press, 2005 , p. 491
[5] Aristide Zolberg, Astri Suhrke, Sergio Aguayo (eds.) Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World (New York & Oxford : Oxford Uniiv. Press, 1989), p. 67.
[6] Ibid., pp. 67-68.
[7] Ibid., p. 68.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Phil Clark and Zachary D. Kaufman, Africa South of the Sahara 2011, 40th ed., (London & New York: Rutledge, 2009), p. 977.
[10] Franck K. Rusagara, “Resilience of a Nation: A History of the Military in Rwanda (Kigali: Fountain Publishers Ltd, 2009), p. 173.
[11] Meredith, The State of Africa, 2005, p. 492.
[12] Africa South of the Sahara 2010, p. 978.
[13] Julian Bedford, “French warnings as Kigali falls to Rwanda rebels”, The Independent Newspaper, (Kigali: Tuesday 05 July 1994).
[14] Ibid.